The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9(Cas9)is widely used for targeted genomic and epigenomic modifications and imaging in cells and organisms,and holds trem...The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9(Cas9)is widely used for targeted genomic and epigenomic modifications and imaging in cells and organisms,and holds tremendous promise in clinical applications.The efficiency and accuracy of the technology are partly determined by the target binding affinity and residence time of Cas9-single-guide RNA(sgRNA)at a given site.However,little attention has been paid to the effect of target binding affinity and residence duration on the repair of Cas9-induced DNA double-strand breaks(DSBs).We propose that the choice of DSB repair pathway may be altered by variation in the binding affinity and residence duration of Cas9-sgRNA at the cleaved target,contributing to significantly heterogeneous mutations in CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.Here,we discuss the effect of Cas9-sgRNA target binding and residence on the choice of DSB repair pathway in CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing,and the opportunity this presents to optimize Cas9-based technology.展开更多
Current experimental stroke research has evolved to focus on detailed understanding of the brain’s self-protective and restorative mechanisms,and harness this knowledge for development of new therapies.In this contex...Current experimental stroke research has evolved to focus on detailed understanding of the brain’s self-protective and restorative mechanisms,and harness this knowledge for development of new therapies.In this context,the role of peptidases and neuropeptides is of growing interest.In this focused review,peptidase neurolysin(Nln)and its extracellular peptide substrates are briefly discussed in relation to pathophysiology of ischemic stroke.Upregulation of Nln following stroke is viewed as a compensatory cerebroprotective mechanism in the acute phase of stroke,because the main neuropeptides inactivated by Nln are neuro/cerebrotoxic(bradykinin,substance P,neurotensin,angiotensin II,hemopressin),whereas the peptides generated by Nln are neuro/cerebroprotective(angiotensin-(1–7),Leu-/Met-enkephalins).This notion is confirmed by experimental studies documenting aggravation of stroke outcomes in mice after inhibition of Nln following stroke,and dramatic improvement of stroke outcomes in mice overexpressing Nln in the brain.The role of Nln in the(sub)chronic phase of stroke is less clear and it is likely,that this peptidase does not have a major role in neural repair mechanisms.This is because,the substrates of Nln are less uniform in modulating neurorestorative mechanisms in one direction,some appearing to have neural repair enhancing/stimulating potential,whereas others doing the opposite.Future studies focusing on the role of Nln in pathophysiology of stroke should determine its potential as a cerebroprotective target for stroke therapy,because its unique ability to modulate multiple neuropeptide systems critically involved in brain injury mechanisms is likely advantageous over modulation of one pathogenic pathway for stroke pharmacotherapy.展开更多
Objective:To identify the active ingredients,potential targets,and mechanism of Rhizoma coptidis by bioinformatics method,and to explore the hypoglycemic effect of Rhizoma coptidis by in vitro experiments.Methods:The ...Objective:To identify the active ingredients,potential targets,and mechanism of Rhizoma coptidis by bioinformatics method,and to explore the hypoglycemic effect of Rhizoma coptidis by in vitro experiments.Methods:The chemical components of Rhizoma coptidis were collected through database search,and oral bioavailability and drug-likeness were used for preliminary screening.The targets of Rhizoma coptidis and diabetes-related targets were collected by database retrieval and reverse docking techniques,and the biological process of cross-set proteins was analyzed.The inhibitory effects of Rhizoma coptidis onα-glucosidase,α-amylase activity,and advanced glycation end products(AGEs)were determined via in vitro experiments.In addition,the effects of Rhizoma coptidis on preadipocyte differentiation,absorption of glucose by adipocytes,and the level of intracellular triglyceride were investigated using the adipocyte differentiation model.Results:There were 11 potentially active ingredients in Rhizoma coptidis.IL-6,caspase-3,epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR),MYC,and estrogen receptor 1 were considered as the key genes.The bioinformatics analysis showed that Rhizoma coptidis played an antidiabetic role mainly via biological processes and signaling pathways including hormone receptor activity,glutathione binding,steroid binding,etc.In vitro experiments showed that the extract of Rhizoma coptidis inhibited the activities ofα-glucosidase andα-amylase,and the generation of AGEs;meanwhile,the extract promoted the absorption of glucose by adipocytes.In addition,the extract of Rhizoma coptidis decreased triglyceride level.Conclusions:Our network pharmacology and in vitro experiments demonstrate the anti-diabetic effects and possible underlying mechanisms of Rhizoma coptidis extract.展开更多
Pigs are globally farmed animals which provide protein for human consumption in the form of skeletal muscle. To better understand the function of long intergenic noncoding RNAs(linc RNAs) in porcine skeletal muscle gr...Pigs are globally farmed animals which provide protein for human consumption in the form of skeletal muscle. To better understand the function of long intergenic noncoding RNAs(linc RNAs) in porcine skeletal muscle growth and development, we collected RNA-seq data from porcine longissimus dorsi muscle(LDM) during embryonic development. We identified a total of 739 linc RNA transcripts, which were distributed on all chromosomes except the chromosome Y, and analyzed their molecular characteristics. Compared to protein-coding genes, linc RNAs showed shorter transcripts, longer exons, fewer exons and higher tissue specificity. In addition, the abundance of linc RNAs in five embryonic development stages were analyzed and 45 differentially expressed linc RNAs were screened, three of which were highly expressed in LDM during porcine embryonic development. Finally, we predicted the potential target genes and functions of the linc RNAs, and identified 1 537 cis-target genes and 8 571 trans-target genes. Furthermore, we identified two key candidate linc RNAs involved in muscle development, XLOC_024652 and XLOC_001832, for post-trial validation. Our results provide a genome-wide resource of linc RNAs which are potentially involved in porcine embryonic skeletal muscle development and lay a foundation for the further study of their functions.展开更多
目的通过网络药理学研究探讨黄芪-藿香-金银花配伍预防新型冠状病毒肺炎的潜在作用机制。方法应用中药系统药理学数据库及分析平台对黄芪、藿香、金银花的中药活性化合物进行检索、筛选。使用GeneCards数据库筛选新型冠状病毒肺炎疾病...目的通过网络药理学研究探讨黄芪-藿香-金银花配伍预防新型冠状病毒肺炎的潜在作用机制。方法应用中药系统药理学数据库及分析平台对黄芪、藿香、金银花的中药活性化合物进行检索、筛选。使用GeneCards数据库筛选新型冠状病毒肺炎疾病有关靶点,使用Cytoscape软件构建化合物-作用靶点网络关系图,应用STRING数据库构建化合物-作用靶点网络和蛋白互作网络,并通过Cytoscape软件实现可视化。运用Bioconductor软件包对作用靶点进行靶点基因本体和基因组数据库通路分析,通过Cytoscape软件构建作用靶点-信号通路网络图实现可视化。结果筛选后获得黄芪-藿香-金银花活性化合物21个,潜在作用靶点181个,与新型冠状病毒肺炎共同靶点42个。化合物中活性前5位的是:槲皮素、山奈酚、木犀草素、尼泊尔鸢尾异黄酮和芒柄花黄素。获得基因本体论生物功能1470条(P<0.05),基因组数据库通路144条(P<0.05),富集于晚期糖基化终末产物-糖基化终末产物受体(advanced glycosylation end products-receptor of advanced glycosylation end products,AGEs-RAGE)信号通路、甲型流感通路、白介素-17信号通路、人巨细胞病毒感染、肿瘤坏死因子信号通路、美国锥虫病通路、卡波西肉瘤相关疱疹病毒感染通路、肺结核通路等。靶点-通路网络前5位的靶点是MAPK1、RELA、MAPK8、PRKCB、PRKCA。结论黄芪-藿香-金银花配伍其主要有效活性成分为槲皮素、山奈酚、木犀草素、尼泊尔鸢尾异黄酮和芒柄花黄素,可能通过作用于MAPK1、RELA、MAPK8、PRKCB、PRKCA等核心靶点,调控AGEs-RAGE信号通路、甲型流感通路、白介素-17信号通路等预防新型冠状病毒肺炎。本研究为中医药防治新冠肺炎提供了有益的思路。展开更多
The global increase in lifespan noted not only in developed nations,but also in large developing countries parallels an observed increase in a significant number of noncommunicable diseases,most notable neurodegenerat...The global increase in lifespan noted not only in developed nations,but also in large developing countries parallels an observed increase in a significant number of noncommunicable diseases,most notable neurodegenerative disorders.Neurodegenerative disorders present a number of challenges for treatment options that do not resolve disease progression.Furthermore,it is believed by the year 2030,the services required to treat cognitive disorders in the United States alone will exceed$2 trillion annually.Mammalian forkhead transcription factors,silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1(Saccharomyces cerevisiae),the mechanistic target of rapamycin,and the pathways of autophagy and apoptosis offer exciting avenues to address these challenges by focusing upon core cellular mechanisms that may significantly impact nervous system disease.These pathways are intimately linked such as through cell signaling pathways involving protein kinase B and can foster,sometimes in conjunction with trophic factors,enhanced neuronal survival,reduction in toxic intracellular accumulations,and mitochondrial stability.Feedback mechanisms among these pathways also exist that can oversee reparative processes in the nervous system.However,mammalian forkhead transcription factors,silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1,mechanistic target of rapamycin,and autophagy can lead to cellular demise under some scenarios that may be dependent upon the precise cellular environment,warranting future studies to effectively translate these core pathways into successful clinical treatment strategies for neurodegenerative disorders.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31671385 and 31870806)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.LY18C050001 and LQ20C050004)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in China(No.2019QNA7031)。
文摘The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9(Cas9)is widely used for targeted genomic and epigenomic modifications and imaging in cells and organisms,and holds tremendous promise in clinical applications.The efficiency and accuracy of the technology are partly determined by the target binding affinity and residence time of Cas9-single-guide RNA(sgRNA)at a given site.However,little attention has been paid to the effect of target binding affinity and residence duration on the repair of Cas9-induced DNA double-strand breaks(DSBs).We propose that the choice of DSB repair pathway may be altered by variation in the binding affinity and residence duration of Cas9-sgRNA at the cleaved target,contributing to significantly heterogeneous mutations in CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.Here,we discuss the effect of Cas9-sgRNA target binding and residence on the choice of DSB repair pathway in CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing,and the opportunity this presents to optimize Cas9-based technology.
基金This work was partly supported by research grants from the American Heart Association(14BGIA20380826)National Institutes of Health(1R01NS106879).
文摘Current experimental stroke research has evolved to focus on detailed understanding of the brain’s self-protective and restorative mechanisms,and harness this knowledge for development of new therapies.In this context,the role of peptidases and neuropeptides is of growing interest.In this focused review,peptidase neurolysin(Nln)and its extracellular peptide substrates are briefly discussed in relation to pathophysiology of ischemic stroke.Upregulation of Nln following stroke is viewed as a compensatory cerebroprotective mechanism in the acute phase of stroke,because the main neuropeptides inactivated by Nln are neuro/cerebrotoxic(bradykinin,substance P,neurotensin,angiotensin II,hemopressin),whereas the peptides generated by Nln are neuro/cerebroprotective(angiotensin-(1–7),Leu-/Met-enkephalins).This notion is confirmed by experimental studies documenting aggravation of stroke outcomes in mice after inhibition of Nln following stroke,and dramatic improvement of stroke outcomes in mice overexpressing Nln in the brain.The role of Nln in the(sub)chronic phase of stroke is less clear and it is likely,that this peptidase does not have a major role in neural repair mechanisms.This is because,the substrates of Nln are less uniform in modulating neurorestorative mechanisms in one direction,some appearing to have neural repair enhancing/stimulating potential,whereas others doing the opposite.Future studies focusing on the role of Nln in pathophysiology of stroke should determine its potential as a cerebroprotective target for stroke therapy,because its unique ability to modulate multiple neuropeptide systems critically involved in brain injury mechanisms is likely advantageous over modulation of one pathogenic pathway for stroke pharmacotherapy.
基金supported by the Sichuan Special Project of TCM Science and Technology Research(No.2016C034)
文摘Objective:To identify the active ingredients,potential targets,and mechanism of Rhizoma coptidis by bioinformatics method,and to explore the hypoglycemic effect of Rhizoma coptidis by in vitro experiments.Methods:The chemical components of Rhizoma coptidis were collected through database search,and oral bioavailability and drug-likeness were used for preliminary screening.The targets of Rhizoma coptidis and diabetes-related targets were collected by database retrieval and reverse docking techniques,and the biological process of cross-set proteins was analyzed.The inhibitory effects of Rhizoma coptidis onα-glucosidase,α-amylase activity,and advanced glycation end products(AGEs)were determined via in vitro experiments.In addition,the effects of Rhizoma coptidis on preadipocyte differentiation,absorption of glucose by adipocytes,and the level of intracellular triglyceride were investigated using the adipocyte differentiation model.Results:There were 11 potentially active ingredients in Rhizoma coptidis.IL-6,caspase-3,epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR),MYC,and estrogen receptor 1 were considered as the key genes.The bioinformatics analysis showed that Rhizoma coptidis played an antidiabetic role mainly via biological processes and signaling pathways including hormone receptor activity,glutathione binding,steroid binding,etc.In vitro experiments showed that the extract of Rhizoma coptidis inhibited the activities ofα-glucosidase andα-amylase,and the generation of AGEs;meanwhile,the extract promoted the absorption of glucose by adipocytes.In addition,the extract of Rhizoma coptidis decreased triglyceride level.Conclusions:Our network pharmacology and in vitro experiments demonstrate the anti-diabetic effects and possible underlying mechanisms of Rhizoma coptidis extract.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31601167, 31972537 and U1204326)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province, China (182300410027)+1 种基金the Central Plains Technological Innovation Leading Talents Project of Henan Province, China (194200510022)the Nanhu Scholars Program of Xinyang Normal University, China。
文摘Pigs are globally farmed animals which provide protein for human consumption in the form of skeletal muscle. To better understand the function of long intergenic noncoding RNAs(linc RNAs) in porcine skeletal muscle growth and development, we collected RNA-seq data from porcine longissimus dorsi muscle(LDM) during embryonic development. We identified a total of 739 linc RNA transcripts, which were distributed on all chromosomes except the chromosome Y, and analyzed their molecular characteristics. Compared to protein-coding genes, linc RNAs showed shorter transcripts, longer exons, fewer exons and higher tissue specificity. In addition, the abundance of linc RNAs in five embryonic development stages were analyzed and 45 differentially expressed linc RNAs were screened, three of which were highly expressed in LDM during porcine embryonic development. Finally, we predicted the potential target genes and functions of the linc RNAs, and identified 1 537 cis-target genes and 8 571 trans-target genes. Furthermore, we identified two key candidate linc RNAs involved in muscle development, XLOC_024652 and XLOC_001832, for post-trial validation. Our results provide a genome-wide resource of linc RNAs which are potentially involved in porcine embryonic skeletal muscle development and lay a foundation for the further study of their functions.
文摘目的通过网络药理学研究探讨黄芪-藿香-金银花配伍预防新型冠状病毒肺炎的潜在作用机制。方法应用中药系统药理学数据库及分析平台对黄芪、藿香、金银花的中药活性化合物进行检索、筛选。使用GeneCards数据库筛选新型冠状病毒肺炎疾病有关靶点,使用Cytoscape软件构建化合物-作用靶点网络关系图,应用STRING数据库构建化合物-作用靶点网络和蛋白互作网络,并通过Cytoscape软件实现可视化。运用Bioconductor软件包对作用靶点进行靶点基因本体和基因组数据库通路分析,通过Cytoscape软件构建作用靶点-信号通路网络图实现可视化。结果筛选后获得黄芪-藿香-金银花活性化合物21个,潜在作用靶点181个,与新型冠状病毒肺炎共同靶点42个。化合物中活性前5位的是:槲皮素、山奈酚、木犀草素、尼泊尔鸢尾异黄酮和芒柄花黄素。获得基因本体论生物功能1470条(P<0.05),基因组数据库通路144条(P<0.05),富集于晚期糖基化终末产物-糖基化终末产物受体(advanced glycosylation end products-receptor of advanced glycosylation end products,AGEs-RAGE)信号通路、甲型流感通路、白介素-17信号通路、人巨细胞病毒感染、肿瘤坏死因子信号通路、美国锥虫病通路、卡波西肉瘤相关疱疹病毒感染通路、肺结核通路等。靶点-通路网络前5位的靶点是MAPK1、RELA、MAPK8、PRKCB、PRKCA。结论黄芪-藿香-金银花配伍其主要有效活性成分为槲皮素、山奈酚、木犀草素、尼泊尔鸢尾异黄酮和芒柄花黄素,可能通过作用于MAPK1、RELA、MAPK8、PRKCB、PRKCA等核心靶点,调控AGEs-RAGE信号通路、甲型流感通路、白介素-17信号通路等预防新型冠状病毒肺炎。本研究为中医药防治新冠肺炎提供了有益的思路。
基金supported by American Diabetes AssociationAmerican Heart Association+3 种基金National Institutes of Health-National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesNational Institutes of Health-National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of Health-National Institute of Neurological DisordersNational Institutes of Health-American Recovery and Reinvestment(to KM)。
文摘The global increase in lifespan noted not only in developed nations,but also in large developing countries parallels an observed increase in a significant number of noncommunicable diseases,most notable neurodegenerative disorders.Neurodegenerative disorders present a number of challenges for treatment options that do not resolve disease progression.Furthermore,it is believed by the year 2030,the services required to treat cognitive disorders in the United States alone will exceed$2 trillion annually.Mammalian forkhead transcription factors,silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1(Saccharomyces cerevisiae),the mechanistic target of rapamycin,and the pathways of autophagy and apoptosis offer exciting avenues to address these challenges by focusing upon core cellular mechanisms that may significantly impact nervous system disease.These pathways are intimately linked such as through cell signaling pathways involving protein kinase B and can foster,sometimes in conjunction with trophic factors,enhanced neuronal survival,reduction in toxic intracellular accumulations,and mitochondrial stability.Feedback mechanisms among these pathways also exist that can oversee reparative processes in the nervous system.However,mammalian forkhead transcription factors,silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1,mechanistic target of rapamycin,and autophagy can lead to cellular demise under some scenarios that may be dependent upon the precise cellular environment,warranting future studies to effectively translate these core pathways into successful clinical treatment strategies for neurodegenerative disorders.